Rust is a systems programming language that provides built-in support for concurrency through its ownership and borrowing model. However, handling shared data between multiple threads requires synchronization to avoid data races and ensure data consistency. Mutexes and Atomic Types are two concurrency primitives that Rust supports to provide this synchronization.

A Mutex, short for mutual exclusion, is a locking primitive that allows only one thread at a time to access the shared data. It works by acquiring a lock on the data, preventing other threads from accessing it until the lock is released. When a thread acquires a mutex, it becomes the owner of the data and can modify it as required, while other threads wait for the mutex to be released before they can access the data. Rust provides the Mutex type in its standard library to implement mutual exclusion.

On the other hand, Atomic Types are types that can be safely shared between multiple threads without using locks, ensuring atomicity of operations performed on them. Atomic types are specifically designed to handle the problem of race conditions by guaranteeing that operations on the data are executed entirely before any other thread can access it. Rust provides several atomic types, including AtomicBool, AtomicIsize, and AtomicUsize, in its standard library to support atomic operations.

Using these concurrency primitives, Rust allows developers to write safe concurrent code that avoids data races and ensures data consistency at runtime. However, it requires an understanding of the ownership and borrowing model, as well as the specifics of these primitives, to use them effectively.